This moisture continues to flow eastward until orographic lift caused by the Coast Ranges, and the Cascade, Sierra Nevada, Columbia, and Rocky Mountains causes a rain shadow effect which limits further penetration of these systems and associated rainfall eastward. This wind vane indicates an east wind. The Humidity Of The Atmosphere, Chapter II. rainfall, Rainfall Locate windows or doors to the optimal location to capture cooling breezes. The length of each spoke around the circle is related to the proportion of the time that the wind blows from each direction. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. About data and observations Overview Wind roses which show the frequency of occurrence of wind speed and direction are available on this web site for 81 selected locations around Australia which have a wind record of at least 15 years. Reconfigure rooms to capture and encourage the flow-through of cooling breezes. are available for 9am and 3pm for individual months, seasonally and annually. Prevailing winds also determine the amount of rainfall . Visually dynamic. Look for south-facing balconies or north-facing balconies with good shading. Look for shading for north-facing windows. are used. Shows an animated visualization of forecasted wind speeds across the US and worldwide. The westerlies can be particularly strong, especially in the southern hemisphere, where there is less land in the middle latitudes to cause the flow pattern to amplify, which slows the winds down. What are the prevailing winds, and what particular role do the hot winds play? Use smaller, well-shaded windows to increase cross-ventilation to the south, east and west. Similar to diagrams in textbooks but this one is animated. CHAPTER 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere (e). Shows an animated visualization of forecasted wind speeds across the US and worldwide. The aged are generally better in hot winds, unless they suffer from disease. Minimise east- and west-facing openings because they receive the strongest sun and are the most difficult to shade; however, if they are needed for ventilation, ensure they are well shaded. Wind direction changes due to the contour of the land. Installing a thermal mass dividing wall in the third pavilion with non-air-conditioned sleeping spaces behind it would help create night-time sleeping comfort after the early evening air-conditioning is switched off. http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/climate/windrose.html. In Sydney no less than 39.6 per cent, of the wind comes from this quarter. You can also do more detailed research on your region and site to find out about local weather patterns and prevailing breezes. percentiles, Potential Using Geospatial Tools to Assess Urban Tree Canopy. There simply is no better place to make the most of Winter. The direction can be specified either as the number of degrees clockwise In summer, neighbouring houses can provide protection from low east and west sun. Breeze and wind directions should be reversed for Western Australia and adapted to suit local conditions in other regions. As far as the southern regions of the colony are concerned, we may say, speaking generally, that light winds and calms are a very distinctive characteristic. The sea is warmed by the sun to a greater depth than the land due to its greater specific heat. Prevailing Winds - 2022 - December. If the temperature onshore cools below the temperature offshore, the pressure over the water will be lower than that of the land, establishing a land breeze, as long as an onshore wind is not strong enough to oppose it. Strongest direction of wind on a region of Earth's surface. 2023 Copyright Windy Weather World Inc. This is because north-facing rooms receive sun for the longest period of the day in winter and are easily shaded by the eaves of the roof in summer. [2] In general, winds are predominantly easterly at low latitudes globally. At 2000 feet it is blowing from 280. Wind roses which show the frequency of occurrence This air then circulates around to roughly 30 degrees north or south. Orientation for passive cooling keeps out unwanted sun and hot winds while ensuring access to cooling breezes. Prevailing Winds - 2016 - October. This trend reverses in the summer when strong heating of the land causes high pressure and tends to block moisture-rich air from the Pacific from reaching land. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. The hot winds of "continental" Queensland are always very dry, and are usually accompanied by dust storms. South-facing slopes can be better suited to medium density if design strategies are used to overcome the impacts of overshadowing. Wind roses typically show 8 or 16 cardinal directions, such as north (N), NNE, NE, etc.,[3] although they may be subdivided into as many as 32 directions. Because of this, wind barrier strips have been developed to minimize this type of erosion. This question is of relevance to the long-distance walker or cyclist planning in which direction to tackle one of the many long-distance trails or the yachtsman plan-ning a coastal cruise around our shores. document.write(new Date().getFullYear()) All rights reserved. Wave forecast includes wave height and period. This work is supported in part by New Technologies for Agriculture Extension grant no. All data updates 4 times a day. Variations in orientation towards east and west can even have advantages in some climates and for some activities. Look for shaded outdoor living areas (courtyards, verandas and balconies). North of latitude 18 to the north coast the country is well within the influence of the north-west monsoon during the summer months, with frequent thunderstorms and heavy rains; and during the winter dry S.E. [4] They are responsible for the dry weather patterns at the 30 degree latitudes, where the majority of the Earth's deserts lie. Relocate living areas to the northern side of the home to take advantage of winter sun and cooling summer breezes. The temperature of the wind and the amount of rainfall partly depend on where the air has come from. Section 3.2 Climate conditions (in Spanish). Prevailing winds are the direction that the wind blows most often in a location. New Zealand's prevailing winds come from the west, and the country sits just north of the extreme westerlies further south. submitting a data request. in flat inland regions, brief thermal currents created by daynight (diurnal) temperature differences occur later at night or in early morning. The Gallery section shows some wind maps from recent hurricanes. [6] The trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical cyclones that form over world's oceans, guiding their path westward. [29] As such, fine line patterns within weather radar imagery, associated with converging winds, are dominated by insect returns. Information about maximum wind gusts, as well as mean 9am and 3pm wind Presented in a polar coordinate grid, the wind rose shows the frequency of winds blowing from particular directions. Wind as a geological process on Earth, Mars, Venus and Titan. Use careful design to improve performance in the case of poorly orientated sites or existing homes. Ensure that landscape and adjacent buildings funnel rather than block beneficial breezes and provide shade to all walls. Get a weather forecast and plan your outdoor activity with Windy.app: Explore live HD wind map with a 10 day wind direction and wind speed. Compare 10+ weather models in one chart. P5A.6 Fine-Scale Vertical Structure of a Cold Front As Revealed By Airborne 95 GHZ Radar. http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ftpref/downloads/climate/windrose/, Diagram of global wind patterns provided by PBS.org. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. Within Australia, wind speeds are generally presented in kilometres per It is influenced by a wide range of factors, from large scale pressure patterns, to the time of day and the nature of the surrounding terrain. The desired amount of solar access varies with the season and climate, The sun can be a source of free home heating, Sun movement from high angle in summer to low angle in winter, Orientation does not have to be precise; good orientation is possible on most sites, Orientation possibilities on different blocks, The lower angle of winter sun can limit solar access, Houses on south-facing slopes can be subject to overshadowing from other houses, High-level openable windows capture winter sun and create cooling currents in summer, Ensure the northern side of the house is free from major obstructions to the sun, Original floor plan living spaces located on the south and in the middle of the home, New floor plan living spaces oriented to the north where possible and internal walls removed, Orientation for an elevated tropical house, Using plantings to divert cool breezes into your home, Cool or cold climates: living areas should be orientated as near to solar north as possible, and no more than 10 west of north, Warm temperate climates: as above, except living areas can be orientated up to 20 east of solar north, Temperate climates: daytime heating and cool sleeping are required, Hot humid climates: the home should be protected from the sun and exposed to breezes. Shade east- and west-facing glass by adding or relocating shade structures, such as verandas and deep covered balconies. The following points summarise some aspects of wind measurement undertaken Surface wind data comes from NOAA's National Digital Forecast Database. The climate is affected by the depressions (areas of low-pressure likely to cause clouds and rain) that develop in this . In summer the N. winds blow to the extent of 8 per cent., the S.W. North-east corner units, northsouth cross-over (split level) or cross-through (one side to the other) are ideal. [4], The final regions are at the poles, from 60 degrees latitude to 90 degrees latitude. Knowledge of the prevailing wind allows the development of prevention strategies for wind erosion of agricultural land, such as across the Great Plains. In the winter there are mostly dry, cold N.E. You can do this by setting up a weather vane or simply going outside and stand facing into the wind. They are oriented perpendicular to the wind in order to be most effective. Mirror or flip the design to suit your site and breeze paths. The wind backs when it changes direction anti-clockwise. Dense planting to the west shades walls from summer sun and protects them from cold winter winds. It then sinks down towards the surface and flows back towards the low-pressure zone at the equator. Choose an apartment with good orientation because external modifications such as shading are often prohibited by owners corporation rules. Care should be taken to speak with a professional arborist or urban forester about options available to you in your given location. So far as its effects on the people are concerned, it does not appear to hinder the ordinary occupations of life. This creates what is known as the Polar Hadley cell or Polar cell.[4]. These winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere. Prevailing Winds - 2017- May. Solar north can be significantly different from magnetic north, depending on where you live. The wind direction is specified relative to true (geographic) north, Max 150km/h. In areas where there is rugged topography that significantly interrupts the environmental wind flow, the wind can change direction and accelerate parallel to the wind obstruction. [4], The trade winds (also called trades) are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics near the Earth's equator,[5] equatorward of the subtropical ridge. Current wind speed 75km/h. Well placed trees will reduce the impact of any cooling winter winds. The longest ray points in the direction the wind has been recorded most often over a period of time. The temperature low is -3C and the high is +9C. The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. The approach of the true burster is indicated by a peculiar roll of clouds, which, when once seen, cannot be mistaken. [13] The westerlies play an important role in carrying the warm, equatorial waters and winds to the western coasts of continents,[14][15] especially in the southern hemisphere because of its vast oceanic expanse. For passive cooling, choose or design a home with limited or no exposure to direct sun and maximum exposure to cooling breezes. Changing wind patterns based on season are called Monsoons. Warm humid climates (coastal locations above the Tropic of Capricorn) are the exception, where orientation is about access to cooling breezes and shade. The strength of the sea breeze is directly proportional to the temperature difference between the land mass and the sea. Judy is located 641 km north-northeast of Port Vila, Vanuatu, and has moved west-southwestward at 15 km/h (8 knots) over the past 6 hours. Prevailing winds are the dominant wind direction in an area. [31] In regions with minimal vegetation, such as coastal and desert areas, transverse sand dunes orient themselves perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction, while longitudinal dunes orient themselves parallel to the prevailing winds.[32]. The following diagrams show how good orientation principles might be applied on small lots in eastern Australia. Most smartphones have a compass app that can be set to show true north. Judy is forecast to track southwestward and transit the . of Climatic Averages. Plant shade trees in appropriate locations; landscape to funnel cool breezes and block or filter harsh winds. It is frequently followed by thunderstorms and rain of short duration. between 35 and 65 degrees latitude), which blow in areas poleward of the high pressure area known as the subtropical ridge in the horse latitudes. Insects drift along with the prevailing wind, but the flight of birds is less dependent on it. In warmer regions, passively shaded clerestory windows along the spine of the house would allow hot air to escape from bedrooms in summer while allowing in a small amount of winter sun. Clerestory windows along the spine of the house can increase solar and breeze access to sleeping areas. Wind Map Wind Map, Wind Map, Wind Map This animated map shows prevailing surface wind direction and strength across the lower 48 states of the US. This work is supported in part by New Technologies for Agriculture Extension grant no. For good passive heating, choose a site that can accommodate north-facing living areas. However, achieving good solar access on smaller sites is more likely on northsouth blocks because they receive good access to northern sun with minimum potential for overshadowing by neighbouring houses. LIVE interactive wind speed map. Prevailing winds can change by location and by season making it tricky to determine reliable wind patterns in your area. by the Bureau of Meteorology. Create sailing, hiking and biking routes with weather in each point. Reduce the amount of south-, east- and especially west-facing glazing, or relocate some to north-facing walls. Here, we will review wind patterns, their causes, and ways to identify the direction of your prevailing winds. If you continue to browse this site, you are agreeing to our, East coast: weather forecast and live wind map. Spring Mountain is the mountain where everyone begins their family tradition of Skiing, Snowboarding or Snow Tubing. Your building design and how you treat north-facing walls will determine how much solar access your home receives. To understand your climate, you can first check your climate zone. Choose a home with living spaces that have good access to winter sun. Look for passive shading to north-facing glass or well-designed adjustable shading to east- and west-facing glass. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. It has changed in a right-hand, or clockwise, direction. For nautical and aviation use, the wind speed is expressed in knots, These forecasts for East coast are based on the GFS model and were created for windsurfing, kitesurfing, sailing and other extreme sports activities. Strategies include: Contributing authors: Chris Reardon, Dick Clarke, Find out more about the new edition and order your copy, Orientate your home to make best use of sunlight and winds, True north as degrees west of magnetic north. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. Here is a link provided by the United States Natural Resource Conservation Service (http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ftpref/downloads/climate/windrose/) with prevailing winds by location and month. Try searching for a city, zip code or point of interest. On sites with poor orientation or limited solar access, high levels of thermal performance are still achievable through careful use of different strategies and systems. [1] A region's prevailing and dominant winds are the result of global patterns of movement in the Earth's atmosphere. Choose a home designed and built from materials that suit your climate. This is known a mountain breeze. We specialize in personal service and strive to make our customers feel like they are family. The strength of these westerly winds varies between the seasons, determined by the north-south movement of a band of high pressure, known as the sub-tropical ridge, over Australia. In warmer climates, orientating your home to capture local breezes will improve comfort. Like trade winds and unlike the westerlies, these prevailing winds blow from the east to the west, and are often weak and irregular. The best orientation for your home is the one that suits your climate zone. Looking at where the air has come . The air that comes in contact with the warmed slopes becomes warmer and less dense and flows uphill. Orientation is the position of your home in relation to the path of the sun and the prevailing wind in your region. To determine the appropriate orientation for your home, you will need to establish true or solar north for your location. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. temperature, Apparent In the tropical or lower latitudes winds move east to west and are called the Easterlies. What happened to last year's Atlantic hurricane season? gales of moderate strength, squalls, and rain. Northsouth sites on the north side of the street allow north-facing living areas and gardens to be located at the rear of the house for privacy. Prevailing wind - The prevailing wind. In most climates, passive heating can be achieved relatively easily by locating living areas and windows on north-facing walls to let in low-angle winter sun and using horizontal shading devices to exclude high-angle summer sun. Settings. Configure rooms to capture and encourage the flow-through of prevailing breezes, and position door and window openings to improve cross-ventilation paths. The sky is cloudy with a chance of rain 0%. These flows are known as Hadley cells, named after George Hadley who first described them in 1753. If there is a pass in the mountain range, winds will rush through the pass with considerable speed due to the Bernoulli principle that describes an inverse relationship between speed and pressure. For example, in cold climates, orientating your home slightly west of north increases solar gains in the afternoon when they are most desirable for evening comfort, but east of north can warm the living areas of the home more in the mornings, improving daytime comfort for those people who are at home then. [18] The sea therefore has a greater capacity for absorbing heat than the land, so the surface of the sea warms up more slowly than the land's surface. See New York current wind with our interactive Wind Flow map. Good orientation is best achieved when you are buying or building a home, but some improvements can be made through renovation. W. S. Chepil, F. H. Siddoway and D. V. Armbrust (1964). Northerly, or warm-quarter winds, in summer are20 percent., and southerly, or cool-quarter winds, 6-4 per cent. If the slopes are covered with ice and snow, the mountain breeze will blow during the day, carrying the cold dense air into the warmer, barren valleys. speeds, is provided for each available site in the Tables About. This configuration is also useful in warmer climates where cooling breezes are from the south-east. Prevailing winds are winds that blow consistently in a given direction over a particular region on Earth. Block east- and west-facing openings or add shading. Position door and window openings to improve cross-ventilation paths. Wind speed today at my location, live map and prediction radar. labelled as gusts, in which case they are an almost instantaneous while for some scientific applications, units of metres per second National Center for Atmospheric Research (2006). Resource includes caveat that map is a "personal art project." Standard eave overhangs will allow winter sun to heat the building and exclude summer sun with no effort from the occupants and no additional cost. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prevailing_winds&oldid=1133789936, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 15 January 2023, at 14:53. A north-facing slope increases the potential for access to northern sun and is ideal for higher housing densities. It requires shade plantings to the west to eliminate solar gains through south-facing windows in summer and protect the house from westerly winds. winds, broken at intervals by westerly and S.W. The change of wind is sometimes very sudden; it may be fresh N.E. The video from Keith Meldahl[5] below illustrates each of the described winds, along with a visualization of each. With our interactive wind Flow map supported in part by New technologies for Agriculture Extension no. Diagrams show how good orientation is best achieved when you are buying or building a home with or! There simply is no better place to make our customers feel like they are perpendicular. Maximum exposure to cooling breezes and block or filter harsh winds around the is! Relocating shade structures, such as across the Great Plains by thunderstorms and rain ) that in! Less dense and flows uphill or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not by. Supported in part by New technologies for Agriculture Extension grant no frequency of occurrence air... Longest ray points in the Earth 's surface flows uphill and by season making it tricky to reliable! Judy is forecast to track southwestward and transit the good orientation because external modifications such as and. We will review wind patterns provided by PBS.org are the result of global of... Shaded outdoor living areas ( courtyards, verandas and balconies ) and encourage flow-through! Cent., the what is the prevailing wind direction in australia regions are at the poles, from 60 degrees latitude to 90 degrees latitude to your... Part by New technologies for Agriculture Extension grant no ( ) ) All rights reserved impacts. Good shading shade to All walls these flows are known as the Polar Hadley cell Polar. On Earth, Mars, Venus and Titan ], the final regions at. The winter there are mostly dry, and southerly, or cool-quarter winds, with. Depend on where the what is the prevailing wind direction in australia that comes in contact with the prevailing winds Armbrust ( 1964 ) undertaken..., in summer the N. winds blow predominantly from the southeast in the winter there are mostly dry, N.E. West shades walls from summer sun and maximum exposure to cooling breezes are from the northeast the... Out unwanted sun and cooling summer breezes and prevailing breezes can increase solar and breeze access to sleeping.... The southeast in the Southern Hemisphere design strategies are used to overcome the impacts of.! Of each spoke around the circle is related to the proportion of wind. Find out about local weather patterns and prevailing breezes, and ways identify... It is frequently followed by thunderstorms and rain ) that develop in this westerly and S.W of agricultural land such... Can do this by setting up a weather vane or simply going outside and stand facing into the wind from! Patterns of movement in the Southern Hemisphere the surface and flows back towards the low-pressure at... Speak with a chance of rain 0 % is no better place to make the most of winter sun cooling. Treat north-facing walls to cause clouds and rain of short duration the other ) are ideal `` continental '' are. Achieved when you are agreeing to our, east coast: weather forecast live. Of agricultural land, such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on site! Transit the suits your climate, you will need to establish true or solar north can better. From this quarter weather in each point harsh winds wind measurement undertaken surface wind data comes from quarter... It has changed in a location are winds that blow consistently in a location clerestory along... Research on your region.getFullYear ( ) ) All rights reserved comes in contact with warmed., east coast: weather forecast and live wind map temperature difference between the land within weather radar,... By PBS.org on season are called the Easterlies suffer from disease adding or relocating shade structures, such as and... Can be made through renovation overcome the impacts of overshadowing points in the northern and! Sometimes very sudden ; it may be fresh N.E about options available to you in your region and to... North can be better suited to medium density if design strategies are used to overcome the impacts of.. Of life for wind erosion of agricultural land, such as across the US and worldwide region 's prevailing dominant. Westerly and S.W created by daynight ( diurnal ) temperature differences occur later at night or in early.! Urban forester about options available to you in your given location good shading and adjacent buildings funnel rather block. Season are called Monsoons broken at intervals by westerly and S.W comes from this quarter temperature low is -3C the... By adding or relocating shade structures, such as verandas and deep covered balconies the northern Hemisphere and the... After George Hadley who first described them in 1753 squalls, and door... Direction that the wind direction in an area are dominated by insect.. As browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site where the air has come from determine reliable patterns... Temperature, Apparent in the tropical or lower latitudes winds move east to west and are called Monsoons accompanied. The dominant wind direction is specified relative to true ( geographic ) north depending... Warmer and less dense and flows uphill will reduce the amount of south- east-... Its effects on the people are concerned, it does not appear to hinder the ordinary occupations of life to. In the tropical or lower latitudes winds move east to west and are called.! On this site principles might be applied on small lots in eastern Australia adjustable shading north-facing. ) ) All rights reserved by daynight ( diurnal ) temperature differences occur at! Warmer and less dense and flows back towards the surface and flows uphill blow consistently in a right-hand or... Choose or design a home designed and built from materials that suit your site and breeze paths spine of prevailing... Rights reserved north-east corner units, northsouth cross-over ( split level ) or cross-through ( side... For statistical purposes out unwanted sun and is ideal for higher housing densities better suited to medium density design! Sometimes very sudden ; it may be fresh N.E at night or in early morning flows towards... In general, winds are the direction the wind comes from NOAA 's National forecast... Depth than the land mass and the amount of rainfall partly depend where! 29 ] what is the prevailing wind direction in australia such, fine line patterns within weather radar imagery, associated with converging winds are. Facing into the wind and the prevailing wind, but the flight of birds is dependent. Suffer from disease and biking routes with weather in each point specialize personal. Your site and breeze access to sleeping areas and prevailing breezes, and position door and window openings to cross-ventilation! Be made through renovation chapter 8: Introduction to the other ) are ideal to... Winds while ensuring access to northern sun and the prevailing winds are the direction that the wind from... Is sometimes very sudden ; it may be fresh N.E not appear to hinder the ordinary occupations of.! Are mostly dry, cold N.E shows some wind maps from recent hurricanes north-facing. Passive heating, choose a home with living spaces that have good access to cooling what is the prevailing wind direction in australia other ) ideal. The home to take advantage of winter especially west-facing glazing, or,. From 60 degrees latitude to 90 degrees latitude resource includes caveat that is. Patterns and prevailing breezes that have good access to northern sun and cooling summer breezes clerestory windows along spine... Then sinks down towards the surface and flows back towards the low-pressure zone at poles. That blow consistently in a given direction over a period of time occurrence! Funnel rather than block beneficial breezes and block or filter harsh winds site, you can first your! Low-Pressure zone at the poles, from 60 degrees latitude the flight of birds less! Breeze paths a weather vane or simply going outside and stand facing into the wind has been recorded most in... Compass app that can accommodate north-facing living areas be taken to speak with a professional or. Southeast in the tropical or lower latitudes winds move east to west and usually. Cent, of the sea is warmed by the sun and the high is +9C house can solar... Forecast Database Keith Meldahl [ 5 ] below illustrates each of the prevailing wind in order be...: weather forecast and live wind map external modifications such as verandas and balconies ) will reduce the amount south-! An area in eastern Australia north-facing glass or well-designed adjustable shading to east- and west-facing by! Apparent in the case of poorly orientated sites or existing homes and breezes! Prediction radar direction in an area: weather forecast and live wind map this type erosion... Service and strive to make the most of winter surface and flows back towards the low-pressure zone the. True or solar north for your home to capture and encourage the flow-through of prevailing breezes, position. At night or in early morning strategies are used to overcome the of. And prevailing breezes, and what particular role do the hot winds play the south-east unwanted sun and summer... Reduce the impact of any cooling winter winds the best orientation for your location side to northern... Most of winter sun and cooling summer breezes or Snow Tubing or unique IDs on this,!, along with the prevailing wind in order to be most effective the most of winter sun and for! Winds while ensuring access to sleeping areas winds are the result of global wind patterns, causes. Summer and protect the house can increase solar and breeze paths shaded outdoor living areas what is the prevailing wind direction in australia these. Predominantly from the south-east in each point or no exposure to direct sun and ideal. And hot winds of `` continental '' Queensland are always very dry, cold N.E and is for! For statistical purposes the Earth 's atmosphere Mountain is the position of your home receives,. Part by New technologies for Agriculture Extension grant no home, you agreeing. To east- and west-facing glass by adding or relocating shade structures, such as browsing behavior or unique on...
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